Ĭardiovascular disease is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes, with a significantly increased prevalence compare with people without diabetes. Consequently, they appear vasoconstriction, oxidative stress, subclinical inflammation, vascular calcification and thrombosis, essential pathogenic elements in the process of atherogenesis/macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. The main risk factors are insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity/overweight, all of which cause endothelial dysfunction. The micro-and macro-vascular complications affect the entire body their pathogenic mechanisms are intricate and involve multiple pathways and risk factors. A multifactorial approach is required to reduce CV morbidity and mortality.ĭiabetes mellitus (DM), a very complex and heterogeneous chronic disease, is associated with chronic complications generated by alteration of the endothelium at all arterial vascular territory levels. T2DM associates a 75% higher risk of CV mortality or hospitalization for HF. Heart failure (HF) is the second most common complication after obstructive peripheral arterial disease. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) considers that diabetes per se involves high risk.
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The European Society of Cardiology stratifies the CVR into moderate (young patients, with a short duration of diabetes, no risk factors), high (duration of diabetes >10 years, no target organ damage, plus any additional risk factor) and very high (patients with established CVD, target organ injury three CVD risk factors: age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, or Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) over 20 years duration). The presence of T2DM reduces life expectancy by 10–14 years. Over 30% of those with T2DM have CVD (cardiovascular disease), and over half die from it, mainly from coronary heart disease. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in T2DM. People with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a 2–3 times higher cardiovascular risk (CVR) than people without diabetes.
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